CLASS       BIVALVIA

  Bleufer                                                                                                    Potamilus purpuratus

                        Federal      Heritage      GRank        SRank       GRank                SRank

                        Status         Status                                                 (Simplified)         (Simplified)

                             N                  E                 G5               S1                   G5                        S1

    G-Trend        Stable

    G-Trend        This species is listed as secure from most of its range.  However, it is

    Comment      apparently vulnerable in the eastern part of its range from Georgia north to

                          Kentucky (NatureServe 2004)

    S-Trend         Decreasing

    S-Trend         This species is listed as sporadic from most of its range (Cicerello and Schuster

    Comment      2003)

    Habitat /        Small streams to large rivers and backwater areas in silt, mud, sand, and gravel

    Life History  including the lower Ohio and Mississippi River (Cicerello and Schuster 2003,

                          Oesch 1995, Cummings and Mayer 1992).  The freshwater drum is the only

                          known host (Watters 1994).  The species' habitat is generally limited in

                          Kentucky to the Coastal Plain Province, which is only present in extreme

                          western portion of the state.

    Key               Key Habitat Locations (and their condition):

    Habitat          1. The lower Obion Creek and Mississippi River oxbows/slackwater in extreme

                          western Kentucky (Condition: partially supporting).

    Guilds           Large rivers in slackwater.

  Butterfly                                                                                                     Ellipsaria lineolata

                        Federal      Heritage      GRank        SRank       GRank                SRank

                        Status         Status                                                 (Simplified)         (Simplified)

                             N                 N                 G4            S4S5                 G4                        S4

    G-Trend        Decreasing

    G-Trend        Exirpated to imperiled in over 60% of its range (NatureServe 2004).

    Comment

    S-Trend         Decreasing

    S-Trend         Occasional to nearly sporadic statewide (Cicerello and Schuster 2003)

    Comment

    Habitat /        Medium to large rivers in sand and gravel with good current (Cicerello and

    Life History  Schuster 2003, Cummings and Mayer 1992).

    Key               Key Habitat Locations (and their condition):

    Habitat          1. Lower Barren and Lower Green

                          2. Ohio River mainstem

                          3. Lower Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers

                           Habitat in these areas range from shallow runs to pools where the host,

                          freshwater drum, green sunfish and sauger can be found.  Overall habitat

                          condition is generally 50 to 90% fully supporting.

    Guilds           Large rivers in current.

  Butterfly                                                                                                     Ellipsaria lineolata

  Conservation Issues

         Aquatic habitat degradation

              2A     Navigational dredging/Commercial dredging

              2D     Woody debris removal

              2E      Stream channelization/ditching

         Biological/ consumptive uses

              5D     Competition from introduced/invasive or native species

         Point and non-point source pollution

              4C     Toxic chemical spills

              4E      Agricultural runoff – including fertilizers/animal waste, herbicides, 

              4K     Industrial waste discharge/runoff

  CLASS       BIVALVIA

  Catspaw                                                                                 Epioblasma obliquata obliquata

                        Federal      Heritage      GRank        SRank       GRank                SRank

                        Status         Status                                                 (Simplified)         (Simplified)

                            LE                 E               G1T1             S1                   G1                        S1

    G-Trend        Decreasing

    G-Trend        E.  obliquata obliquata is thought to be reproducing only in Killbuck Creek,

    Comment      Ohio. Only 15 live individuals were found in 1994.  Three extant populations of

                           E.  obliquata obliquata are thought to exist; one in the Green River in

                          Kentucky, the Cumberland River in Tennessee, and the Killbuck Creek in Ohio

                          (Hoggarth et al. 1995).  Problems associated with land-use in the Killbuck Creek

                           watershed threaten the E. obliquata obliquata population (Hoggarth et al.

                          1995).  It was not found in the heavily modified portion of Killbuck Creek that

                          lacked wooded riparian corridors or had significant erosion problems. Has been

                          extirpated from a large portion of its range.  Historical distribution is reasonably

                           well known. Given the discovery of the Killbuck Creek population in 1994

                          (Hoggarth et al. 1995) additional survey work in areas likely to support this

                          species is warranted. Periodic status surveys are needed to monitor changes in

                          the remaining populations of this mussel.

    S-Trend         Decreasing

    S-Trend         Possibly extirpated.  Formerly in the Ohio River and the Green River to the

    Comment      Licking River (Cicerello and Schuster 2003).  Critically imperiled.

    Habitat /        Inhabits large to medium river systems in sand and gravel substrates in runs and

    Life History  riffles.

    Key               Key Habitat Locations (and their condition):

    Habitat          1. Presumed to be extirpated, but may exist in the lower Green River or the

                          lower Licking River (Condition: partially supporting).

    Guilds           Large rivers in current.

  Catspaw                                                                                 Epioblasma obliquata obliquata

  Conservation Issues

         Aquatic habitat degradation

              2C     Construction/Operation of impoundments (migration barrier)

              2F      Riparian zone removal (Agriculture/development)

              2G     Water level fluctuations

         Biological/ consumptive uses

              5C     Biological collection (overharvest)

         Point and non-point source pollution

              4B      Waste water discharge (e.g., sewage treatment)

              4E      Agricultural runoff – including fertilizers/animal waste, herbicides, 

         Siltation and increased turbidity

              1B      Agriculture

              1C     Road construction

              1D     Urbanization/Development  General Construction

  CLASS       BIVALVIA

  Clubshell                                                                                                        Pleurobema clava

                        Federal      Heritage      GRank        SRank       GRank                SRank

                        Status         Status                                                 (Simplified)         (Simplified)

                         LE,XN             E                 G2               S1                   G2                        S1

    G-Trend        Decreasing

    G-Trend        Historically, it was distributed across nine states in the Wabash, Ohio,

    Comment      Kanawha, Kentucky (Danglade 1922), Green, Monongahela, and Alleghany

                          Rivers and their tributaries. Listed as occurring in the St. Peter's River in

                          Minnesota and from Nebraska by Simpson (1914), however these records are

                          probably in error. It is currently known from 12 streams in six states:

                          Tippecanoe River in Indiana; Fish Creek in Ohio and Indiana; West Branch of

                          the St. Josephs River in Ohio and Michigan; Walhonding River in Ohio; East

                          Fork of the West Branch of the St. Josephs River in Michigan; Little Darby

                          Creek in Ohio; French Creek in Pennsylvania and the Elk River in West

                          Virginia. It is extirpated from Alabama, Illinois, Tennessee (U.S. Fish and

                          Wildlife Service) and possibly New York (Strayer and Jirka 1997) (NatureServe

                           2004)

    S-Trend         Decreasing

    S-Trend         Sporadic in the Upper Green River.

    Comment

    Habitat /        Despite the type locality of Lake Erie (apparently in error), this is a species of

    Life History  small to medium-sized rivers and streams. Ortmann (1919) remarked that it was

                           "a rare shell, and never found in great numbers. It is found mostly in sand and

                          fine gravel, and is deeply buried." Hoggarth and Watters have found live

                          individuals completely buried with the posterior shell margin facing up in

                          sand/gravel substrate in riffle/run situations in less than 1.5 feet of water

                          (NatureServe 2004). This seems to be the habitat of choice. Because it buries

                          itself beneath the substrate, it is rarely found alive even in places where it is

                          believed to occur in some numbers (NatureServe 2004).  Stansbery (OSU

                          museum curator) believed that various pesticides were at least partially

                          responsible for the overall decrease in the fauna of areas in which P.clava was

                          present.   The introduced zebra mussel could also pose a significant threat

                          (NatureServe 2004).

    Key               Key Habitat Locations (and their condition):

    Habitat          1. upper Green River, where populations seem to be recruiting (Condition:

                          partially supporting).

    Guilds           Medium to large streams.

  CLASS       BIVALVIA

  Clubshell                                                                                                        Pleurobema clava

  Cracking Pearlymussel                                                                                     Hemistena lata

                        Federal      Heritage      GRank        SRank       GRank                SRank

                        Status         Status                                                 (Simplified)         (Simplified)

                         LE,XN             X                 G1              SX                  G1                        S1

    G-Trend        Decreasing

    G-Trend        Originally inhabited the Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee river systems. It has

    Comment      been extirpated from most of its former range but some viable populations may

                          persist in the upper Clinch River in Tennessee (Parmalee and Bogan 1998)

                          (NatureServe 2004).

    S-Trend         Decreasing

    S-Trend         Extirpated. Formerly in the Ohio, Green, Upper Cumberland, and Kentucky

    Comment      Rivers.

    Habitat /        Abundant in sand, gravel, and cobble substrates in swift currents or mud and

    Life History  sand in slower currents (Gordon and Layzer 1989).

    Key               Key Habitat Locations (and their condition):

    Habitat          1. Most likely extirpated from Kentucky, but may exist in the Upper Green

                          River (Condition: partially supporting).

    Guilds           Medium to large streams.

  Cracking Pearlymussel                                                                                     Hemistena lata

  Conservation Issues

         Aquatic habitat degradation

              2C     Construction/Operation of impoundments (migration barrier).  NatureServe

                        2004

              2F      Riparian zone removal (Agriculture/development).  NatureServe 2004

         Biological/ consumptive uses

              5C     Biological collection (overharvest).  NatureServe 2004

         Point and non-point source pollution

              4B      Waste water discharge (e.g., sewage treatment).  NatureServe 2004

              4D     Oil and gas drilling operations  associated runoff.  NatureServe 2004

         Siltation and increased turbidity

              1A     Coal mining.  NatureServe 2004

              1B      Agriculture.  NatureServe 2004

              1C     Road construction.  NatureServe 2004

              1D     Urbanization/Development  General Construction.  NatureServe 2004

  CLASS       BIVALVIA

  Creek Heelsplitter                                                                                 Lasmigona compressa

                        Federal      Heritage      GRank        SRank       GRank                SRank

                        Status         Status                                                 (Simplified)         (Simplified)

                             N                  E                 G5               S1                   G5                        S1

    G-Trend        Decreasing

    G-Trend        Located in several states in the upper midwest, north east and several provinces

    Comment      in Canada (NatureServe 2004).

    S-Trend         Decreasing

    S-Trend         Sporadic in Tygart's Creek (Cicerello and Schuster 2003).

    Comment

    Habitat /        Creeks and small to medium rivers in fine gravel and sand. Very rarely found  in

    Life History  large rivers (Cummings and Mayer 1992).  Imperiled or vulnerable in

                          approximately 70% of its range (NatureServe 2004).

    Key               Key Habitat Locations (and their condition):

    Habitat          1. Found only in Tygart's Creek in northeastern Kentucky (Condition: fully to

                          partially supporting).

    Guilds           Small to medium streams.

  Cumberland Bean                                                                                             Villosa trabalis

                        Federal      Heritage      GRank        SRank       GRank                SRank

                        Status         Status                                                 (Simplified)         (Simplified)

                         LE,XN             E                 G1               S1                   G1                        S1

    G-Trend        Decreasing

    G-Trend        The range of V. trabilis is difficult to determine due to confusion in literature

    Comment      with the related species, V. perpurpurea. The type locality is listed as streams

                          of Tennessee; Clinch River, Virginia (Simpson 1914). The historic range of the

                          species includes the Clinch River, Scott county, Virginia; Hiwassee River, Polk

                          County, Tennessee; South Chickamauga Creek, Catoosa County, Georgia; the

                          Paint Rock River, Jackson County, the Flint River, Madison County, and the

                          Tennessee River at Muscle Shoals, Lauderdale County, all in Alabama. In the

                          upper Cumberland River drainage it is known from the Cumberland River from

                          Pulaski County to Cumberland Falls, Whitley County, Kentucky. It is known

                          from Rockcastle River and its tributary Laurel Fork, Jackson, Rockcastle, and

                          Laurel Counties, Kentucky; also Little South Fork of the Cumberland River,

                          Wayne County, Kentucky and the lower Obey River, Clay County, Tennessee

                          (Bogan and Parmalee 1983). Its current range includes the Hiwasee River, Polk

                          County, Tennessee and North Carolina; the lower Obey River, Clay County,

                          Tennessee; Rockcastle River and its tributary Laurel Fork in Jackson,

                          Rockcastle, and Laurel Counties and the Little South Fork of the Cumberland

                          River, Wayne County, all in Kentucky (Bogan and Parmalee 1983). It has been

                          extirpated from Virginia, Alabama, and the mainstem of the Cumberland River

                          in Kentucky (NatureServe 2004).

    S-Trend         Decreasing

    S-Trend         Sporadic in the Upper Cumberland River system below Cumberland Falls

    Comment      (Cicerello and Schuster 2003).

    Habitat /        Found in sand, gravel, and cobble substrates in waters with moderate to swift

    Life History  currents and depths less than 1 meter (Gordon and Layzer 1989). Extirpated or

                          Imperiled in all of its range.

    Key               Key Habitat Locations (and their condition):

    Habitat          1. Found in the Upper Cumberland River and its tributaries (Condition: fully to

                           partially supporting).

    Guilds           Upland streams in riffles.

  CLASS       BIVALVIA

  Cumberland Bean                                                                                             Villosa trabalis

  Cumberland Elktoe                                                                         Alasmidonta atropurpurea

                        Federal      Heritage      GRank        SRank       GRank                SRank

                        Status         Status                                                 (Simplified)         (Simplified)

                            LE                 E               G1G2            S1                   G1                        S1

    G-Trend        Decreasing

    G-Trend        Historically, it was known only from the Cumberland Plateau province of the

    Comment      upper Cumberland River basin. The few records available indicate that it

                          inhabited the Cumberland River and only tributaries flowing from the south

                          upstream from the hypothesized original location of Cumberland Falls near

                          Burnside, Pulaski County, Kentucky. It presently (post 1985 records) persists

                          in eight tributaries to the Upper Cumberland River in Kentucky and Tennessee

                          (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1998). It is extirpated from the mainstem of the

                          Cumberland River, Laurel River and its tributary, Lynn Camp Creek in

                          Kentucky. Formerly from 19 localities (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2003)

                          and currently persisting in 12 Cumberland River tributaries (U.S. Fish and

                          Wildlife Service 2003, NatureServe 2004).

    S-Trend         Decreasing

    S-Trend         Sporadic. Endemic to the Cumberland River both above and below Cumberland

    Comment      Falls. (Cicerello and Schuster 2003)

    Habitat /        The habitat ranges from small creeks to medium-sized rivers. The mussel is

    Life History  most common in smaller stream habitats. Preferred habitat appears to be

                          shallow flats or pools with slow current and sand substrate with scattered

                          cobble/boulder material, although it will occur in mud or rocky substrates and

                          faster currents (Gordon and Layzer 1989). Inhabits medium-sized rivers and

                          may extend into headwater streams where it is often the only mussel present.

                          Appears to be most abundant in flats, or shallow pool areas lacking the bottom

                          contour development of typical pools, with sand and scattered cobble-boulder

                          material, relatively shallow depths, and slow currents (U.S. Fish and Wildlife

                          Service 1997, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2003).

    Key               Key Habitat Locations (and their condition):

    Habitat          1. Sporadically found at sites in the Upper Cumberland River and its tributaries

                           (Condition is partially supporting).

    Guilds           Upland streams in riffles.

  Cumberland Elktoe                                                                         Alasmidonta atropurpurea

  Conservation Issues

         Aquatic habitat degradation

              2B      Gravel/sand removal or quarrying (e.g., mineral excavation).  U.S. Fish and

                        Wildlife Service  2003

              2C     Construction/Operation of impoundments (migration barrier).  U.S. Fish

                        and Wildlife Service  2003

              2E      Stream channelization/ditching.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service  2003

         Biological/ consumptive uses

              5D     Competition from introduced/invasive or native species.  U.S. Fish and

                        Wildlife Service  2003

         Point and non-point source pollution

              4A     Acid mine drainage  other coal mining impacts .  U.S. Fish and Wildlife

                        Service  2003

              4C     Toxic chemical spills.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service  2003

              4G     Chemical spills and contaminants (applied and accidental).  U.S. Fish and

                        Wildlife Service  2003

         Siltation and increased turbidity

              1A     Coal mining.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service  2003

              1B      Agriculture.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service  2003

              1C     Road construction.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service  2003

              1D     Urbanization/Development  General Construction.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife

                        Service  2003

  CLASS       BIVALVIA

  Cumberland Moccasinshell                                                                 Medionidus conradicus

                        Federal      Heritage      GRank        SRank       GRank                SRank

                        Status         Status                                                 (Simplified)         (Simplified)

                             N                 N              G3G4            S4                   G3                        S4

    G-Trend        Decreasing

    G-Trend        Known from the Tennessee and Cumberland river drainages (Burch 1975). May

    Comment      also occur in the Conasauga River along with M. acutissiums and M. parvulus

                          (D. Stansbery, pers. comm. 9/27/97, OSU museum curator), but this needs to

                          be sorted out with genetic analysis.

    S-Trend         Decreasing

    S-Trend         Occasional to sporadic in the lower and upper Cumberland River system below

    Comment      Cumberland Falls, with secure populations.

    Habitat /        Inhabits small streams in sand and gravel substrates; often found in cracks or

    Life History  under rocks. Vulnerable, imperiled, or extirpated in 67% of it's range.

                          (NatureServe 2004).  Habitat condition is partially supporting.

    Key               Key Habitat Locations (and their condition):

    Habitat          1. Small streams to mid-size rivers with sand and gravel substrate in the Upper

                          Cumberland River system (Cicerello and Schuster 2003; Condition: partially

                          supporting).

    Guilds           Upland streams in riffles.

  Cumberland Moccasinshell                                                                 Medionidus conradicus

  Conservation Issues

         Aquatic habitat degradation

              2B      Gravel/sand removal or quarrying (e.g., mineral excavation)

         Point and non-point source pollution

              4A     Acid mine drainage  other coal mining impacts

              4E      Agricultural runoff – including fertilizers/animal waste, herbicides, 

         Siltation and increased turbidity

              1A     Coal mining

              1B      Agriculture

              1C     Road construction

              1D     Urbanization/Development  General Construction

              1F      Recreational activities (atv, horseback riding)

  CLASS       BIVALVIA

  Cumberland Papershell                                                                     Anodontoides denigratus

                        Federal      Heritage      GRank        SRank       GRank                SRank

                        Status         Status                                                 (Simplified)         (Simplified)

                             N                  E                 G1               S1                   G1                        S1

    G-Trend        Decreasing

    G-Trend        Restricted to streams in the Cumberland Plateau within the Cumberland River

    Comment      basin upstream from the original location of Cumberland Falls (NatureServe

                          2004). 1993 field surveys by Mark Gordon and Ron Cicerello found extant

                          populations in the following counties: McCreary and Whitley Cos. Kentucky;

                          Scott, Sentress and Morgan Cos. Tennessee. Has disappeared from type

                          locality in Campbell Co. Tennessee.

    S-Trend         Decreasing

    S-Trend         Sporadic. Endemic to the upper Cumberland River above and below

    Comment      Cumberland Falls (Cicerello and Schuster 2003).

    Habitat /        Restricted to streams with sandstone bedrock (NatureServe 2004). Critically

    Life History  imperiled throughout its range.

    Key               Key Habitat Locations (and their condition):

    Habitat          1. Small to medium size streams in silt, mud, and sand (Cicerello and Schuster

                          2003; Condition: partially supporting).

    Guilds           Upland streams in riffles.

  Cumberlandian Combshell                                                                     Epioblasma brevidens

                        Federal      Heritage      GRank        SRank       GRank                SRank

                        Status         Status                                                 (Simplified)         (Simplified)

                         LE,XN             E                 G1               S1                   G1                        S1

    G-Trend        Decreasing

    G-Trend        Historically, distributed throughout the Cumberlandian region of the Tennessee

    Comment      and Cumberland river systems in Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee,

                          and Virginia (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2003). Populations are currently

                          known from Buck Creek in Kentucky; through a few miles of the Big South

                          Fork Cumberland River in Kentucky and Tennessee; and in very low numbers

                          in the Powell and Clinch rivers in Virginia and Tennessee (U.S. Fish and

                          Wildlife Service 1997). A few, likely non-reproducing populations associated

                          with sub-lotic sections of some reservoirs (e.g., Old Hickory Reservoir on the

                          Cumberland River). In 1997 several fresh dead specimens were found by Jeff

                          Garner in Bear Creek, a tributary of the Tennessee River in northwestern

                          Alabama and according to Tom Mann (Mississippi Natural Heritage Program)

                          fresh dead shells were found in Mississippi in September 2000. Currently

                          restricted to five stream reaches (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2003)

                          (NatureServe 2004).

    S-Trend         Decreasing

    S-Trend         Sporadic in the Upper Cumberland River below Cumberland Falls. (Cicerello

    Comment      and Schuster 2003)

    Habitat /        The habitat ranges from large creeks to large rivers, in substrates ranging from

    Life History  coarse sand to mixtures of gravel, cobble, and boulder-sized particles. The

                          mussel tends to occur at depths of less than one meter, although the relict (and

                          presumably non-reproducing) populations now occur in considerably deeper

                          water (Gordon and Layzer 1989). Inhabits medium-sized streams to large rivers

                           on shoals and riffles in coarse sand, gravel, cobble, and boulders and is not

                          associated with small stream habitats. Occurs in larger tributaries than

                          Epioblasma capsaeformis (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2003). Much of its

                          former habitat has been inundated by reservoirs and considerable other portions

                           have been devastated by acid mine run-off (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

                          2003).

    Key               Key Habitat Locations (and their condition):

    Habitat          1. Found in small to large rivers with sand and gravel bottoms in the

                          Cumberland River system in south-central Kentucky (Condition: partially

                          supporting).

  CLASS       BIVALVIA

  Cumberlandian Combshell                                                                     Epioblasma brevidens

    Guilds           Medium to large streams.

  Dromedary Pearlymussel                                                                                 Dromus dromas

                        Federal      Heritage      GRank        SRank       GRank                SRank

                        Status         Status                                                 (Simplified)         (Simplified)

                         LE,XN             X                 G1              SX                  G1                        S1

    G-Trend        Decreasing

    G-Trend        Known from the Cumberland and Tennessee river systems in Tennessee and

    Comment      Virginia. Once common throughout the Tennessee River system. Currently

                          known from the middle Cumberland River in Smith County, Tennessee; the

                          Tennessee River in Meigs County, Tennessee; and in the upper Powell and

                          Clinch rivers in Tennessee and Virginia (Parmalee and Bogan 1998).

                          (NatureServe 2004)

    S-Trend         Decreasing

    S-Trend         Extirpated; Formerly in the Tennessee River and lower and upper Cumberland

    Comment      River below Cumberland Falls. (Cicerello and Schuster 2003)

    Habitat /        A riffle dwelling species occurring at shoals with sand and gravel and moderate

    Life History  current velocities, but also found in deeper, slower moving water in

                          Tennessee.  Extirpated or critically imperiled in all its range (NatureServe 2004).

    Key               Key Habitat Locations (and their condition):

    Habitat          1. Found in medium to large rivers in sand and gravel, but likely extirpated from

                          Kentucky (Cicerello and Schuster 2003; Condition: partially supporting).

    Guilds           Medium to large streams.

  Dromedary Pearlymussel                                                                                 Dromus dromas

  Conservation Issues

         Aquatic habitat degradation

              2C     Construction/Operation of impoundments (migration barrier)

         Point and non-point source pollution

              4A     Acid mine drainage  other coal mining impacts

              4B      Waste water discharge (e.g., sewage treatment)

              4D     Oil and gas drilling operations  associated runoff

              4E      Agricultural runoff – including fertilizers/animal waste, herbicides, 

         Siltation and increased turbidity

              1A     Coal mining

              1B      Agriculture

              1C     Road construction

  CLASS       BIVALVIA

  Elephantear                                                                                                  Elliptio crassidens

                        Federal      Heritage      GRank        SRank       GRank                SRank

                        Status         Status                                                 (Simplified)         (Simplified)

                             N                 N                 G5            S4S5                 G5                        S4

    G-Trend        Decreasing

    G-Trend        Wide-ranging in eastern U.S. with its southeastern terminus in the Escambia and

    Comment      Apalachicola River drainages in the Florida panhandle. (NatureServe 2004)

    S-Trend         Decreasing

    S-Trend         Occasional to sporadic nearly statewide (Cicerello and Schuster 2003) with

    Comment      apparently secure populations (NatureServe 2004).  Populations are located in

                          several larger rivers and streams throughout the state.

    Habitat /        Muddy sand, sand and rocky substrates in moderate currents in larger rivers

    Life History  (Heard 1979).  Extirpated or imperiled in over 60% of its range (NatureServe

                          2004).

    Key               Key Habitat Locations (and their condition):

    Habitat          1. Medium to large rivers in mud, sand and gravel (Cicerello and Schuster 2003;

                          Condition: partially supporting).

    Guilds           Large rivers in current.

  Elephantear                                                                                                  Elliptio crassidens

  Conservation Issues

         Aquatic habitat degradation

              2A     Navigational dredging/Commercial dredging

              2B      Gravel/sand removal or quarrying (e.g., mineral excavation)

              2C     Construction/Operation of impoundments (migration barrier)

              2E      Stream channelization/ditching

         Biological/ consumptive uses

              5D     Competition from introduced/invasive or native species

              5J       Incidental mortality due to commercial fishing/musseling (mortality and

                        overharvest)

         Point and non-point source pollution

              4K     Industrial waste discharge/runoff

         Siltation and increased turbidity

              1B      Agriculture

              1C     Road construction

              1D     Urbanization/Development  General Construction

  CLASS       BIVALVIA

  Elktoe                                                                                                   Alasmidonta marginata

                        Federal      Heritage      GRank        SRank       GRank                SRank

                        Status         Status                                                 (Simplified)         (Simplified)

                             N                  T                 G4               S2                   G4                        S2

    G-Trend        Decreasing

    G-Trend        Ranges in the north from Ontario, Canada (Great Lakes and St. Lawrence

    Comment      drainage) south to Alabama (Tennessee drainage) and on the east from New

                          York to Virginia (Ohio drainage) and on the west from eastern North Dakota to

                          northeastern Oklahoma (historic records only), with the center of abundance

                          being in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. Starret (1971) reported that it historically

                          occurred in the upper and middle parts of the Illinois River, but was eliminated

                          by pollution following the opening of the Chicago Sanitary Canal in 1900.

                          Ortmann (1919) also indicated that this species had been extirpated from the

                          Monongahela drainage in Pennsylvania. Today the entire main Cheat River is

                          devoid of unionid bivalves due to acid mine drainage. The Atlantic slope form

                          (var. Susquehannae) is found in the Susquehanna basin of Pennsylvania and

                          New York as well as the upper St. Lawrence River, Canada (Ortmann 1919;

                          Johnson 1970; NatureServe 2004)

    S-Trend         Decreasing

    S-Trend         Sporadic in the Eastern half of Kentucky (Cicerello and Schuster 2003), with

    Comment      individuals occurring in the Upper Green River.

    Habitat /        Although it occurs in large to medium sized streams, it is more typical of

    Life History  smaller streams (Buchanan 1980; Goodrich and Van Der Schalie 1944; Oesch

                          1995; Parmalee 1967; Wilson and Clark 1914). Ortmann (1919) described it as a

                          riffle species that is found in swift current in firmly packed fine to course

                          gravel. Parmalee (1967) reported the preferred habitat to be small streams with

                          good current and sand or gravel bottoms at depths of several inches to two feet.

                          Buchanan (1980) found it to be common in gravel and cobble substrate in two

                          to 18 inches of water, Neel and Allen (1964) found it to be more abundant in

                          the mainstream Cumberland River than in small streams.  Vulnerable, imperiled,

                          or extirpated in 55% of its range (NatureServe 2004).  Habitat condition is

                          partially supporting

    Key               Key Habitat Locations (and their condition):

    Habitat          1. Small streams to medium size rivers in gravel and sand in eastern Kentucky

                          (Cicerello and Schuster 2003; Condition: partially supporting).

    Guilds           Medium to large streams.

  CLASS       BIVALVIA

  Elktoe                                                                                                   Alasmidonta marginata

  Fanshell                                                                                                      Cyprogenia stegaria

                        Federal      Heritage      GRank        SRank       GRank                SRank

                        Status         Status                                                 (Simplified)         (Simplified)

                            LE                 E                 G1               S1                   G1                        S1

    G-Trend        Decreasing

    G-Trend        Historically, it was widely distributed in the Tennessee, Cumberland, and Ohio

    Comment      River systems, although it has become very rare in recent years. In the Ohio

                          drainage it has been recently found in: the deep channel of the Ohio River

                          between Cincinnati and Pittsburgh (Johnson 1980); the lower Muskingum and

                          Walhonding Rivers, Ohio (Stansbery et al. 1982); the Salt and Licking Rivers,

                          tributaries of the Ohio; the Green River, Kentucky (Biggins 1991) the Kanawha

                           River, West Virginia (Stansbery, pers. comm.); the Allegheny River,

                          Pennsylvania (Dennis 1970); and the lower Clinch River in Scott County

                          (Neves 1991, Smith 1971, NatureServe 2004).

    S-Trend         Decreasing

    S-Trend         Generally distributed in the Licking, Rolling Fork (Salt River) and Upper Green

    Comment      Rivers, sporadic elsewhere (Cicerello and Schuster 2003).

    Habitat /        Characteristic habitat is medium to large streams (Dennis 1984). It has been

    Life History  found in river habitats with gravel substrates and a strong current, in both deep

                          and shallow water (Ortmann 1919; Parmalee 1967).

    Key               Key Habitat Locations (and their condition):

    Habitat          1. Lower to Middle Licking River

                          2. Rolling Fork of Salt River

                          3. Upper Green River. 

                          Habitat conditions are partially supporting in each.

    Guilds           Medium to large streams.

  Fanshell                                                                                                      Cyprogenia stegaria

  Conservation Issues

         Aquatic habitat degradation

              2C     Construction/Operation of impoundments (migration barrier)

              2J       Alteration of surface runoff patterns ( flow/temp regimes)

         Biological/ consumptive uses

              5D     Competition from introduced/invasive or native species

         Point and non-point source pollution

              4B      Waste water discharge (e.g., sewage treatment)

              4E      Agricultural runoff – including fertilizers/animal waste, herbicides, 

              4K     Industrial waste discharge/runoff

         Siltation and increased turbidity

              1B      Agriculture

  CLASS       BIVALVIA

  Fat Pocketbook                                                                                               Potamilus capax

                        Federal      Heritage      GRank        SRank       GRank                SRank

                        Status         Status                                                 (Simplified)         (Simplified)

                            LE                 E                 G1               S1                   G1                        S1

    G-Trend        Decreasing

    G-Trend        Formerly present in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri,

    Comment      Kentucky, and Arkansas. Prior to 1970, most records appear to be from three

                          areas, the upper Mississippi River above St. Louis, Missouri, the Wabash

                          River in Indiana, and the St. Francis River in Arkansas (Dennis 1985). Since

                          1970, the species has been found extant in portions of the St. Francis River

                          (Jenkinson and Ahlstedt 1995), with scattered records from the Wabash and

                          Ohio Rivers in Indiana and Kentucky (Sickel 1987; Cummings et al. 1990;

                          Cummings and Mayer 1993) and in southeastern Missouri (NatureServe 2004).

                           The largest population of P. capax occurs in the St. Francis Floodway.

    S-Trend         Decreasing

    S-Trend         Sporadic in the Mississippi, lower Ohio, and extreme lower Cumberland River

    Comment      systems (Cicerello and Schuster 2003).

    Habitat /        Found in sand, mud, and fine gravel substrates and flowing water (Dennis

    Life History  1985). Found in large rivers in slow-flowing water (often near the bank) in mud

                          or sand (Cummings et al. 1990) (NatureServe 2004).  This species is critically

                          imperiled throughout all of its range.  Habitat is partially supporting.

    Key               Key Habitat Locations (and their condition):

    Habitat          1. Mississippi River proper near island at Columbus in Hickman County

                          (Condition: partially supporting).

    Guilds           Large rivers in slackwater.

  Fluted Kidneyshell                                                                        Ptychobranchus subtentum

                        Federal      Heritage      GRank        SRank       GRank                SRank

                        Status         Status                                                 (Simplified)         (Simplified)

                             C                  E               G2G3            S1                   G2                        S1

    G-Trend        Decreasing

    G-Trend        Historically known from approximately 16 tributaries of the Cumberland River

    Comment      and 21 tributaries of the Tennessee River. Currently known from nine streams

                          (six isolated populations) in the Cumberland River system and seven streams

                          (four isolated populations) in the Tennessee River system, and is absent from

                          the mainstems of both rivers (NatureServe 2004). At least one population

                          (Clinch River) is considered viable (NatureServe 2004).  The U.S. Fish and

                          Wildlife Service in 1999 estimated that it had been eliminated from

                          approximately three-fifths of the total number of streams where it historically

                          occurred. It is currently at risk of becoming extirpated from the entire

                          Cumberland River system and is already extirpated from mainstem sites

                          (NatureServe 2004).

    S-Trend         Decreasing

    S-Trend         Restricted to the upper Cumberland river system below Cumberland Falls in

    Comment      Kentucky (Cicerello and Schuster 2003).

    Habitat /        Inhabits small to medium rivers in areas with swift current or riffles, although a

    Life History  few populations were recorded from larger rivers in shoal areas. It is often

                          found embedded in sand, gravel, and cobble substrates (Gordon and Layzer

                          1989). Requires flowing, well-oxygenated waters.

    Key               Key Habitat Locations (and their condition):

    Habitat          Limited to the upper Cumberland River below Cumberland Falls, including:

                          1. Buck Creek

                          2. Big South Fork of the Cumberland River

                          3. Horse Lick Creek. 

                          Condition is generally 60-90% fully supporting in areas where it can be found.

    Guilds           Medium to large streams.

  Fluted Kidneyshell                                                                        Ptychobranchus subtentum

  Conservation Issues

         Aquatic habitat degradation

              2B      Gravel/sand removal or quarrying (e.g., mineral excavation).  U.S. Fish and

                        Wildlife Service 1999

              2C     Construction/Operation of impoundments (migration barrier).  U.S. Fish

                        and Wildlife Service 1999

         Point and non-point source pollution

              4A     Acid mine drainage  other coal mining impacts .  U.S. Fish and Wildlife

                        Service 1999

              4E      Agricultural runoff – including fertilizers/animal waste, herbicides, 

                        pesticides.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1999

         Siltation and increased turbidity

              1A     Coal mining.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1999

              1B      Agriculture.  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1999

              1F      Recreational activities (atv, horseback riding).  U.S. Fish and Wildlife

                        Service 1999

  CLASS       BIVALVIA

  Green Floater                                                                                          Lasmigona subviridis

                        Federal      Heritage      GRank        SRank       GRank                SRank